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The seed movement in India refers to collective efforts by farmers, civil society organisations, environmental activists, indigenous communities, and agricultural groups to protect farmers’ control over seeds, conserve agricultural biodiversity, resist excessive corporate control over seed systems, and promote sustainable and locally adapted agriculture. Seeds are not merely agricultural inputs; they are repositories of biological diversity, traditional knowledge, culture, food security, and farmers’ livelihoods. From an Environmental Anthropology perspective, seed movements provide an important example of the relationship between human communities, ecological systems, traditional knowledge, and political-economic institutions. For centuries, Indian farmers have selected, exchanged, stored, and improved seeds according to local environmental conditions. Indigenous and traditional farming communities developed numerous varieties of rice, wheat, millet, pulses, vegetables, oilseeds, and other crops. Seed selection was generally embedded within everyday agricultural practices. Farmers observed characteristics such as drought resistance, pest tolerance, nutritional value, taste, storage capacity, and suitability to particular soils and climatic conditions. Seeds were exchanged through families, neighbouring villages, kinship networks, local markets, and customary institutions. This system represented a form of community-based management of biological resources. The Green Revolution significantly transformed this traditional seed system. From the 1960s onwards, high-yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and modern agricultural technologies were promoted to increase food production. While this transformation contributed substantially to food security, it also encouraged the replacement of many locally adapted crop varieties with a relatively smaller number of commercially important varieties. Farmers became increasingly dependent on external agricultural inputs, including purchased seeds. Environmental anthropologists examine this transition not only as a technological change but also as a transformation in the relationship between communities and their ecological resources. The emergence of commercial hybrid seeds further intensified this transformation. Hybrid seeds can provide high productivity under suitable conditions, but many hybrids cannot be effectively reproduced by farmers for maintaining the same characteristics in subsequent generations. Consequently, farmers may need to purchase fresh seed regularly. The increasing commercialisation of seeds therefore generated concerns regarding farmer dependence, rising production costs, loss ____ _____ ___ ___ ______ _______ ____ _________.
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