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# Development versus Environment Development refers to the process of economic, social, technological and infrastructural transformation through which human societies seek to improve living standards. It includes industrialisation, urbanisation, agricultural expansion, transport, energy production, education, healthcare and technological advancement. Environment, on the other hand, includes the physical, biological and social surroundings in which human beings live, including land, water, air, forests, wildlife, biodiversity and ecological processes. The relationship between development and environment is one of the central concerns of Environmental Anthropology because human development is always embedded within ecological systems. The debate is not simply about choosing development or environmental protection; it concerns how human societies can meet their needs without destroying the ecological foundations on which their survival depends. For much of modern history, development was understood primarily in terms of economic growth. The expansion of industries, construction of dams, exploitation of minerals, conversion of forests into agricultural land and increased extraction of natural resources were considered indicators of progress. The dominant development model assumed that nature was largely an unlimited source of raw materials and a sink for wastes. Such an approach contributed to economic growth and improved material conditions for many populations, ___ __________ ________ ___ _______ ____ __________ ______ ____.
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