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Environmental anthropology is a branch of anthropology that examines the complex and dynamic relationships between human beings, cultures, societies, and their physical and biological environments. It studies how people understand, use, modify, manage, and adapt to their environments and, at the same time, how environmental conditions influence human life, social organization, cultural practices, economy, health, and belief systems. The field recognizes that the environment is not merely a physical background to human society but is closely connected with human activities, cultural meanings, political institutions, and economic systems. Environmental anthropology therefore provides an integrated understanding of environmental issues by combining anthropological perspectives with insights from ecology, geography, biology, economics, political science, and other disciplines. The central concern of environmental anthropology is the relationship between culture and environment. Different societies interact with similar environments in different ways because their knowledge, technologies, values, institutions, and economic systems differ. For example, communities dependent on forests may develop detailed knowledge of plants, animals, soils, and seasonal changes. Such knowledge may influence their food habits, medicine, religious practices, settlement patterns, and resource-management systems. Environmental anthropology seeks to understand these relationships and examines both traditional forms of environmental adaptation and the consequences of modern economic and technological change. The roots of environmental anthropology can be traced to the development of anthropology during the nineteenth century. Early anthropologists were interested in explaining differences between human societies and their relationships with geographical and environmental conditions. However, some early approaches were strongly influenced by ______ _____ _______ _______ ______ __________ __________ __________ ________.
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