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International conventions play a vital role in establishing global standards for the conservation and sustainable management of wildlife. Since biodiversity and wildlife populations frequently cross national borders, no single country can effectively protect them in isolation. International agreements such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS or Bonn Convention), and the International Whaling Commission (IWC) have significantly influenced national wildlife legislation by encouraging countries to adopt uniform conservation measures, regulate trade, conserve habitats, and cooperate in scientific research. India, as a responsible member of the international community, has incorporated many obligations arising from these conventions into its domestic legal framework through constitutional provisions, statutory laws, executive policies, and judicial interventions. International conventions primarily influence national legislation by establishing legally binding or widely accepted standards that member countries must implement through domestic laws. They encourage harmonization of wildlife protection measures, promote international cooperation, facilitate information sharing, and ensure that conservation efforts extend beyond political boundaries. Countries become accountable for protecting threatened species, regulating commercial exploitation, preserving habitats, and preventing illegal wildlife trade. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), adopted in 1973, aims to ensure that international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES categorizes species into three appendices based on the degree of protection required. Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction and generally prohibits international commercial trade. Appendix II regulates trade through permits to ensure sustainability, while Appendix III contains species protected in at least one country that seeks international cooperation to regulate trade. India became a party to CITES in 1976 and has integrated many of its provisions into domestic wildlife legislation. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, particularly after recent amendments, provides legal mechanisms to regulate trade in endangered species. Import and export of protected wildlife specimens require strict authorization under the Customs Act, Foreign Trade regulations, and CITES permit systems. Enforcement agencies such as the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB), Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, Customs authorities, and Forest Departments work together to detect and prevent illegal wildlife trade. CITES has significantly influenced India's policies concerning elephants, tigers, leopards, pangolins, turtles, orchids, medicinal plants, and numerous bird species vulnerable to illegal international trade. The Convention _________ _________ _________ __________ ______ _________ ________.
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