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Current animal welfare legislation in India recognizes a variety of offenses against animals through the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (PCA Act), the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Indian Penal Code provisions that continue where applicable through transitional arrangements, and several rules framed under the PCA Act. These laws aim to prevent unnecessary pain, suffering, neglect, and exploitation of animals while defining the responsibilities of citizens, enforcement agencies, and recognized animal welfare organizations. Major legal offenses against animals include physical cruelty such as beating, kicking, torturing, overloading, overdriving, poisoning, mutilating, or causing unnecessary pain or suffering. Abandoning a sick, injured, or helpless animal without adequate care is also considered an offense. Keeping animals in overcrowded cages, failing to provide sufficient food, water, shelter, or veterinary treatment, and confining them in conditions that cause avoidable suffering violate ______ __________ ___ _______ _______ ____ _________ _________.
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