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Leadership has traditionally been understood as the process through which managers influence employees to achieve organisational objectives by providing direction, controlling activities, and ensuring coordination. Classical leadership models such as autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire approaches, along with theories like trait theory, behavioural theory, and situational leadership, have significantly contributed to the understanding of managerial effectiveness. However, the contemporary business environment is characterised by rapid technological advancement, globalisation, workforce diversity, changing employee expectations, and unpredictable market conditions. In such an environment, traditional leadership models often face limitations because they were largely developed for stable organisational settings where authority, hierarchy, and standardised processes dominated decision-making. Modern knowledge-driven organisations require leadership approaches that are flexible, inclusive, and capable of managing complexity and uncertainty. Traditional leadership models become inadequate primarily because they often emphasise authority, control, and formal organisational structures. The traditional command-and-control approach assumes that leaders possess the knowledge required to make decisions and employees mainly execute instructions. While this approach may be effective in routine and predictable environments, it becomes ineffective when organisations face uncertain situations requiring creativity, innovation, and rapid responses. In knowledge-driven organisations, employees possess specialised expertise and valuable information, making it difficult for a single leader to understand and control all aspects of organisational operations. Therefore, leadership must shift from controlling employees to facilitating collaboration, learning, and innovation. Technological disruptions have further challenged traditional leadership approaches. ___ ________ _________ __________ ___ ______.
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