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Climate change is increasingly recognized as one of the most pressing global challenges, affecting not only the natural environment but also human societies in complex and interconnected ways. Vulnerability assessment, which is the process of identifying and analyzing the susceptibility of systems, communities, and sectors to the adverse impacts of climate change, becomes particularly challenging because of the dynamic and multifaceted nature of climate risks. These risks manifest differently across sectors such as human health, infrastructure, agriculture, and biodiversity, necessitating an integrated approach that takes into account environmental, social, and economic dimensions. In the realm of human health, climate change introduces both direct and indirect stressors that complicate vulnerability assessment. Direct impacts include heatwaves, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and the proliferation of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya due to shifting temperature and precipitation patterns. Vulnerability in this context is influenced by socio-economic factors, including access to healthcare, quality of housing, age distribution, and pre-existing health conditions. Indirect impacts arise from climate-related disruptions to water and food supply, sanitation, and living conditions, which can exacerbate malnutrition, waterborne diseases, and mental health issues. Assessing vulnerability in health thus requires not only climate projections but also an understanding of demographic trends, social inequality, and the adaptive capacity ____ ___ ______ ____ ___ ________ _________ _________ ____.
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