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The politics of climate change negotiations have long been shaped by the structural divide between the Global North and the Global South. This divide reflects deep inequalities in historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions, levels of economic development, and capacities to adapt to climate impacts. In the discourse of climate change, these differences create tensions over responsibility, equity, and justice, making the negotiation process both highly complex and politically charged. Understanding the North-South politics requires an exploration of the historical roots of the debate, the dynamics of international agreements, and the ongoing struggles over finance, technology, and burden-sharing. The origins of the North-South divide in climate politics lie in the vastly different contributions of industrialized and developing countries to the problem of global warming. The industrial revolution and the rapid economic growth of Northern nations were powered by fossil fuels, leading to their disproportionately high share of historical emissions. Countries in the South, however, contributed very little to the accumulation of greenhouse gases but now face some of the most severe consequences of climate change. Rising sea levels, intensified droughts, desertification, and extreme weather events disproportionately impact countries with limited resources and fragile economies. This disparity led to the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR), enshrined in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. The CBDR principle acknowledges that while climate change is a common problem, responsibility for addressing it should be differentiated according to historical emissions and capabilities. Despite the formal acceptance of CBDR, the North and South have often interpreted the principle differently, leading to political clashes. Developed countries in the North have increasingly emphasized the need for emerging economies such as China, India, and Brazil to assume greater responsibility, citing their rising emissions and growing economic power. In contrast, the South insists on maintaining historical accountability as the foundation of negotiations, pointing to the centuries of emissions from the North that created the crisis. This tension is particularly __________ ___ _________ _______ _________ _______ __________ ______.
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