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The effectiveness of Panchayati Raj Institutions depends substantially on the adequacy, autonomy, and predictability of their financial resources. As constitutionally recognized institutions of local self-government, Panchayati Raj Institutions are expected to plan and implement programs of economic development and social justice. To discharge these responsibilities meaningfully, they require a sound financial base that enables them to function not merely as implementing agencies of higher governments but as self-governing units accountable to local communities. The Constitution of India, through the Seventy-Third Constitutional Amendment Act, laid down a framework for strengthening the financial position of Panchayati Raj Institutions. Article 243H empowers state legislatures to authorize Panchayats to levy, collect, and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, and fees. It also provides for the assignment of revenues from state taxes to Panchayats and for grants-in-aid from the Consolidated Fund of the State. This constitutional backing recognizes that financial decentralisation is an essential component of political and administrative decentralisation. One of the primary sources of finance for Panchayati Raj Institutions is their own revenue. Own-source revenues include taxes, fees, and charges levied and collected directly by Panchayats within their jurisdiction. Common local taxes include property or __________ ________ ________ _____ ______ ________ ____ _____.
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