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The District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) and the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) were two major initiatives in India aimed at improving access, equity, and quality in school education, particularly in the elementary stage. While both had the broad goal of universalizing elementary education, there were significant differences in their scope, approach, and design which reflected the changing policy orientations of the government over time. The DPEP was launched in 1994 with the primary focus on revitalizing primary education in the most educationally backward districts of the country. Its main emphasis was on providing access to primary schools, reducing dropout rates, and improving the learning achievement levels of children, especially those belonging to marginalized and disadvantaged groups. It was a district-based initiative, hence it operated only in selected districts that met the criteria of educational backwardness, particularly those with female literacy rates below the national average. ____ _______ _______ ______ ___ ___ ______ __________.
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