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Gender continues to be perceived as an occupational barrier in scientific careers, and this perception is deeply rooted in socio-political structures, cultural norms, and institutional practices. Despite progressive legislation and awareness campaigns promoting gender equality, the underrepresentation of women and gender minorities in many branches of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) persists. This issue is not merely a matter of individual choice but reflects a complex interplay of societal expectations, systemic discrimination, and historical exclusion. The perception of gender as a barrier in science is embedded in the long-standing masculine image of scientific work. Science has historically been dominated by men, with women excluded from formal education and scientific institutions for centuries. Although women have made significant inroads in recent decades, the legacy of exclusion continues to shape how scientific careers are structured and perceived. Gendered stereotypes, such as the belief that men are more suited for analytical, objective thinking and women for nurturing or service-oriented roles, still influence hiring, promotion, and mentoring practices in scientific fields. Structural barriers play a crucial role in reinforcing these perceptions. Women in science often face challenges such as lack of access to professional networks, inadequate mentorship, fewer research opportunities, and disparities in funding. Studies have shown that female scientists are less likely to receive large grants, be cited in academic publications, or hold senior positions in research institutions. These systemic disadvantages create a reinforcing cycle, where the absence of women in leadership roles perpetuates the notion that science is a male domain. One major socio-political factor contributing to this occupational barrier is the unequal distribution of domestic and caregiving responsibilities. Women are disproportionately responsible for family and household duties, which often limits their _________ _______ _________ _________ ___ ___ _________ ____ ____ _______.
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