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The historical trajectory of the planning process in India is deeply rooted in the socio-political context of the country’s struggle for independence and its efforts to build a self-reliant economy post-independence. The idea of planning in India was not a product of colonial administration but rather emerged from nationalist leaders and thinkers who visualized a structured economic development for a free India. The planning process has evolved over time, responding to domestic needs and global economic changes, with a significant emphasis on inclusive growth, poverty reduction, and modernization. In the context of socio-political dimensions of gender and science, it is important to understand how these plans either incorporated or excluded gender perspectives and the role of science and technology in achieving developmental goals. The concept of planning in India can be traced back to the 1930s during the Indian freedom struggle. Visionaries like Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, M. Visvesvaraya, and M.N. Roy advocated for a scientific and planned development of the country. M. Visvesvaraya’s book *Planned Economy for India* (1934) was among the first modern attempts to discuss a national economic plan. Around the same time, the Indian National Congress set up the National Planning Committee in 1938 under the chairmanship of Nehru, which emphasized industrialization, scientific progress, and state control over the commanding heights of the economy. Though this was a pre-independence initiative, it laid the intellectual foundation for post-independence economic planning. After independence in 1947, India faced massive challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, poor health _____ ____ ____ _____ __________ ______ __________ ____ ________ ______ _________ ___.
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