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Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni occupies a distinguished place in the tradition of history writing because of his scientific outlook, critical method, and detailed observations on eleventh-century India. His famous work *Kitab fi Tahqiq ma li'l-Hind* (commonly known as *Kitab-ul-Hind*) remains one of the most valuable sources for understanding Indian society, religion, philosophy, science, and culture during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni. However, while Al-Biruni's scholarship is remarkable, it is equally true that on certain important matters his interpretations have misled later historians, particularly when his observations were accepted without sufficient critical examination. One of the major limitations of Al-Biruni's account was his dependence on Brahmanical scholars for information. Since he learned Sanskrit and relied heavily on Sanskrit texts and Brahmin informants, his understanding of Indian society ____ _________ ______ __________ _________ __________ ____ _______ ________ _________ ___ ______.
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