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Nationalist writings emerged in India during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a response to colonial interpretations of Indian history. Colonial historians often portrayed India as a land without historical consciousness, lacking political unity, and dependent upon foreign rulers for progress. Nationalist historians challenged these assumptions by reconstructing India's past in a manner that emphasized its cultural continuity, political achievements, and civilizational greatness. Their writings played a crucial role in fostering national consciousness and strengthening the struggle against colonial rule. One of the primary objectives of nationalist historiography was to counter the biases of imperial historians such as James Mill and Vincent Smith. James Mill had divided Indian history into Hindu, Muslim, and British periods, presenting British rule as the culmination of historical progress. Nationalist historians rejected this framework, arguing that such divisions promoted communalism and distorted India's historical development. Early nationalist historians relied extensively on indigenous __________ _______ _______ ________ _______ _______.
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