Discuss the various theories and strategies of learning.

THEORIES OF LEARNING

Broadly, theories of learning can be categorized based on the following:

1) Learning by association: Known as classical conditioning

2) Learning by consequence: Known as operant or instrumental conditioning

3) Learning by watching others: Known as observational learning

4) Learning by higher mental processes: Known as cognitive learning.

1) Classical Conditioning: Learning by Association

Theory of classical conditioning was proposed by Ivan Pavlov. According to classical conditioning, we learn by making associations and relationships among various stimuli. Baron (2001), have described classical conditioning as “A basic form of learning in which one stimulus comes to serve as a signal for the occurrence of a second stimulus. During classical conditioning, organisms acquire information about the relations between various stimuli, not simple associations between them.” The subjects of learning in this theory are always some kind of automatic, involuntary or reflexive responses such as heart rate, salivation, vomiting, pupil dilatation etc.

Before moving further first we should know the famous experiment done by Ivan Pavlov. His experiment on dog laid the foundation of Classical conditioning. Pavlov, a physiologist by profession, was working on the process of digestion on dogs around 1889. While measuring the salivation rate of dogs, he observed that his dogs often began to salivate when they smell the food or even at the sight of their empty food pan. That is, they start salivating before they actually tasted the food. To understand this interesting observation he conducted a study. He conducted his study in two trials. He called his first trail as conditioning trial. During this trial, he presented a neutral stimulus-a bell-that had no effect on dog’s salivation. The ringing of a bell was immediately followed by an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)-food-that can produce dog’s salivation. The response that the dog gave after getting food (unconditional stimulus) in the form of _________ _______ ___ ______ ________ ______ _________ ______ ________ ________ _____.
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