Discuss the role of phase transfer catalysts in nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) play a significant role in nucleophilic substitution reactions, especially in reactions involving two immiscible phases, typically an aqueous phase and an organic phase. In such reactions, the nucleophile is often present in one phase, while the substrate is in another. This presents a challenge, _____ ________ ___ __________ ________ ______ ______ __________ __________ ______ ___.
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