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Multilateral international agencies play a significant role in shaping the process of global development by providing financial resources, technical expertise, policy guidance, institutional support and international coordination. Development challenges such as poverty, disease, hunger, unemployment, environmental degradation and social inequality cannot be effectively addressed by individual countries acting alone because their causes and consequences often cross national boundaries. Institutions such as the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization and World Health Organization (WHO) therefore contribute to the creation of a framework for collective action. Among these agencies, the WHO has a particularly important role because health is both a basic human need and an essential component of economic and social development. The WHO was established in 1948 as a specialised agency of the United Nations with the objective of promoting the highest possible level of health for all people. Its work reflects the understanding that development is not simply an increase in national income but also an improvement in human capabilities and quality of life. Poor health reduces labour productivity, increases household expenditure, limits educational opportunities and reinforces poverty. Consequently, improving health contributes directly to human development and indirectly to economic growth. One of the major contributions of the WHO has been the development of international health standards and norms. Since diseases can cross borders rapidly, countries require common standards concerning disease surveillance, vaccination, medicines, food safety and health emergencies. The WHO develops guidelines and technical recommendations that assist governments in designing and implementing public health policies. These common standards are especially important for developing countries that may _________ __________ ________ _________ ____.
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