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Recent trends in evaluation in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) systems reflect the evolving nature of education in response to technological advancements, learner diversity, and the demand for flexible and personalized learning. Traditionally, ODL evaluation relied heavily on end-of-course examinations and written assignments, which focused primarily on assessing the retention of knowledge. However, modern approaches have shifted towards more continuous, learner-centered, and competency-based assessment strategies that align with the principles of lifelong learning and the unique needs of ODL learners. One prominent trend is the integration of formative assessment tools throughout the learning process. Rather than assessing students only at the end of a course, ODL institutions now use quizzes, self-assessment exercises, and interactive modules to monitor ________ ___ _________ _________ ________ ____ __________ ______ ____.
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