Discuss the problems in enforcing the Plant Breeder Rights (PBRs).

In recent years the owners of PBRs have repeatedly expressed concerns about 1 the difficulties associated with enforcing PBR. Some in the industry were-critical • of the actual protection provided by PBR, which has resulted in a significant ~, amount of infringement. Over time this is reducing the attractiveness of PBR and forcing industry to look at other forms of protection, or none at all, and may result in a reduced investment in plant breeding. PBR is not a preferred IP protection tool, except for, as noted, the protection of inbred lines used to create hybrids. The major areas of concern for the PBR owners include: i) Limitations of the current PBR laws: This relates to national legislations and includes issues such as exclusive/extended rights, exhaustion of rights, lack of clarity, pre-grant enf?rcement and essentially derived varieties. ii) ~The difficulties in procedural issues: This encompasses issues that are relevant to the enforcement of PBR, alternative dispute resolution and civil versus criminal sanctions. All PBR systems need to be underpinned by a strong judicial system for dealing with both civil and criminal offenses, staffed by an adequate number of judges with suitable background and experience. Without a proper system for both on enforcing rights and also enabling the grant of rights to others, any PBR system will have no value. iii) Difficulties with the collection of-royalty payments made possible through the exploitation of the new plant variety. ".

Exemptions

The PBR legislations in most counties contain important exemptions that allow people to "use protected plantvarieties in certain ways without having to obtain the permission of the PBR owner. Provisions for farmer's privilege (where allowed) ___ ____ __________ _____ ______ __________ _______ _____ __________ _________ _____.
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