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Safe machine design is a fundamental principle of Mechanical and Electrical Safety Management because accidents are often caused not only by unsafe acts but also by unsafe machine conditions. The primary objective of safe machine design is to eliminate or reduce hazards at the source rather than depending entirely on workers to avoid them. A properly designed machine should provide protection against mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical, ergonomic and other foreseeable hazards throughout its life cycle. One of the basic principles of safe machine design is hazard identification and risk assessment. Before a machine is designed, hazards associated with its operation, maintenance, cleaning, adjustment and foreseeable misuse should be identified. The risks should then be assessed in terms of the likelihood and severity of possible injuries or damage. Designers should follow the hierarchy of controls, giving priority to eliminating hazards, followed by reducing risks through engineering controls, guarding and protective devices. Administrative controls and personal protective equipment should be considered as supplementary measures rather than the primary means of protection. Machine design should incorporate inherently safe features wherever possible. Moving parts such as gears, belts, chains, shafts, pulleys, flywheels and cutting tools should be designed so that workers cannot easily come into contact with dangerous points. Machines should have adequate strength, stability and structural integrity to prevent collapse, breakage or unexpected movement. Materials should be selected according to operating loads, temperatures, corrosion conditions and environmental factors. Machines should also be designed to prevent foreseeable failures from creating additional hazards. Machine guarding is another essential principle. Guards should prevent access to dangerous moving parts while allowing necessary operations to be performed efficiently. Fixed guards, interlocked guards, adjustable guards and presence-sensing devices may be used according to the nature of the hazard. Guards should be strong, securely attached and difficult to bypass. Emergency stop devices should be clearly identifiable and easily accessible wherever necessary. However, an emergency stop should not be regarded as a substitute for proper guarding. Electrical safety must also be incorporated into machine design. Electrical components should be appropriately insulated, enclosed and protected against accidental contact. Machines should have effective earthing or __________ _______ __________ ___ ____.
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