Discuss the need for pretreatment of Bio-Medical Waste. Enumerate the categories of Bio-Medical Waste that require pretreatment.

The reasons due to which there is great need for pretreatment of Bio-Medical Waste such as:

1. Injuries from sharps leading to infection to all categories of hospital personnel and waste handler.
2. nosocomial infections in patients from poor infection control practices and poor waste management.
3. Risk of infection outside hospital for waste handlers and scavengers and at time general public living in the vicinity of hospitals.
4. Risk associated with hazardous chemicals, drugs to persons handling wastes at all levels.
5. “Disposable” being repacked and sold by unscrupulous elements without even being washed.
6. Drugs which have been disposed of, being repacked and sold off to unsuspecting buyers.
7. Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due to waste, or due to defective incineration emissions and ash.³

Technology options for ‘treatment’

There are mainly five technology options available for the treatment of bio-medical waste. They can be grouped as follows.

Chemical processes

Thermal processes

Mechanical processes

Irradiation processes

Biological processes

Chemical processes

These processes use chemicals that act as disinfectants. Sodium hypochlorite, dissolved chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, dry inorganic chemical and ozone are examples of such chemicals. Most chemical processes are water-intensive and require neutralising agents.

Thermal processes

These processes utilise heat to disinfect. Depending on the temperature they operate, it is been grouped into two categories, which are Low-heat systems and High-heat systems

Low-heat systems (operates between 93 -177oC) use steam, hot water, or electromagnetic radiation to heat and decontaminate the waste. Autoclave & Microwave are low heat systems.

i. Autoclaving is a low heat thermal process and it uses steam for disinfection of waste. Autoclaves are of two types depending on the method they use for removal of air pockets. They are gravity ___ ___ ____ _______ _______ ____ ____ ____.
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