Discuss the nature of tribal movements in Post Independent India.

After independence, various efforts have been made to improve the socio­economic conditions of the tribals and to sustain the constitutional safeguard given to them The Central and State Governments have made incessant efforts in the direction of tribal welfare and development. Special programmes for their development have been undertaken in the successive Five Year Plans. The aim was to bring them on par with other developed sections of the society. But the results are not encouraging in all cases with an introduction of development plans, some societies have found themselves disintegrated.

The establishment of heavy industries, construction of dams and launching of development plans in tribal zones has necessitated displacement of local population. Thousands of tribal families were displaced from their traditional habitats Contact situations with outsiders have been equally detrimental.

Destruction of forests as a consequence of felling of trees for industrial purposes has threatened the small communities of hunters and food-gathers.

Those who could take advantage of new economic and educational frontiers were able to better their lot, while a large sections of the tribals, not adequately prepared to deal with new challenges, gradually

depressed into poorer sections of the society. Against economic and social disparities, they have raised a collective voice.

The tribals especially in central India, had reacted against their exploiters. These movements were directed towards freeing their land from all those who exploited them economically and culturally. At the same time, each of these movements put emphasis on revitalisation of their culture, their traditional culture which was swayed under the impact of the outsiders.

Tribal Movement before Independence:

As soon as the British took over Eastern India, tribal revolts broke out to challenge alien rule. In the early years of colonialisation, no other community in India offered such heroic resistance to British rule or faced such tragic consequences as did the numerous Advise Communities of now Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Bengal.

The fact needs reiteration and highlighting in history that the tribals of Orissa were the first ones in India to wage war against British Colonialism. It should also be noted that contrary to the historians this began as early as 1768 and not in 1820 as opined by ________ ________ _______ _________ ___.
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