Discuss the nature of agrarian order in South India with reference to
Nadu and Brahmadeya.

Or

Write a note on the revenue administration under the Sultan of Delhi. 

It would be useful to set out the earliest references to immunities based on the Dharmasastric injunctions, the pariharas usually numbering 18. This would give us an idea of how the management of cultivation and production of allied crafts as well as non- agricutural activities, were placed under the new land controlling grantees. It would also show how some kind of a dependency between the land controllers and landless cultivators and craftsmen was built up within the village due to the village craftsmen being paid in the form of land produce or assigned land in lieu of such payment. The Pallava Copper Plate grants of the 4th-6th centuries AD inscribed in Prakrit and Sanskrit refer to such Brahmadeyas in the Guntur, Krishna and Nellore districts. The 18 pariharas or immunities are not listed in all the grants but the implication was that wherever such taxes or cesses existed; they need not thereafter be paid to the king or his representative but to the grantees to whom services also had to be provided. 

Donees were also given the services of labourers receiving half the produce. It is interesting to know that most of the grants of the 6th to 9th centuries period were made also on the request of a Vijnapti (one who made a representation to the king), invariably a local chief or by a royal functionary and executed by an Anjapti (again a local chief or functionary), pointing to the fact that the reorganisation of agricultural production and control was widespread and adopted even in the tracts of minor chiefs who accepted the overlordship of the new dynasties.

The land grants of the 4th-6th centuries AD in Prakrit and Sanskrit, provide details of the pariharas, which were evidently based on the Dharmasastric rules. Often a whole village including garden land was granted and the royal sasana (order) was addressed to gramabhojaka, grameyakan, adhikrita (officers), sarvadhyaksha of district (?) (overseers), ayuktakas, naiyogikas and rajavallabhas vallabhas of districts, sasana samcharin (official messengers), govallavas, aranadhkato (foresters) and others in service. Villages were converted into a Brahmadeya (e.g.Vesanta) with 18 pariharas with the exception devabhogahala (land of the temple). Thus when a village was granted, all lands with the exception of devabhogahala (land enjoyed by existing temples) were given. The term vasadbhogyamaryada points to ‘enjoyment by residents (only) or tenants’ occupancy rights, which were assured. Taxes payable by loha-charmakara (metal workers and leather workers), apana-patta-kara (shop keeping cloth dealers), pravaranchara (licensed spies or those going about in loose masks or garments, rajjupratihara (rope jugglars), apana ajivika nahala – taxes payable by barbarians and outcastes, mukha dharakas (mask actors or self-mortifying devotees), kupa darsakas (water diviners), tantravaya (water diviners? Is it tantuvaya?=weaver), dyuta (gambler), napita (barber) and on vivaha (marriage), taxes and tithes payable by artisans enjoying privileges of sarva parihara would also indicate the nature and growing number of crafts and professions in a settlement. In fact these immunities would also indicate the kinds of crafts that were carried on in the village and how they were part of a large number of service groups inhabiting the village with dependent relationship with the grantees who had superior rights in land. Their remuneration was often in the form of the assignment of land or its produce within the village, which consisted of separate living quarters for them. The later grants either refer to the pariharas in general or mention __________ ___ ________ __________ ____ __________ _____ ______.
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