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Organisational design refers to the deliberate process of structuring roles, responsibilities, authority, communication patterns, and workflows in an organisation so that it can achieve its objectives effectively and efficiently. It is concerned with how tasks are divided, grouped, coordinated, and controlled, and how people interact with each other and with technology within the organisational system. Organisational design provides the formal framework that shapes behaviour, decision-making, and performance, and it reflects management’s assumptions about strategy, environment, people, and work. It is not a one-time activity but an ongoing process, as organisations must continuously adapt their structures to changing internal and external conditions. At its core, organisational design seeks to align an organisation’s structure with its goals, strategy, and environment. A well-designed organisation ensures clarity of roles, smooth coordination, accountability, and efficient use of resources, while a poorly designed organisation often suffers from duplication of effort, confusion, conflict, slow decision-making, and low morale. Organisational design is closely linked with organisational development and change, because changes in strategy, technology, size, or environment often require corresponding changes in structure, systems, and processes. One of the earliest and most influential theories of organisational design is the classical theory, which emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Classical theorists such as Frederick W. Taylor, Henri Fayol, and Max ______ ________ ________ ____ ______ ______ _________ ____ ___ _______ __________.
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