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The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE), was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world. It flourished in the northwestern regions of South Asia, primarily in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. The economic structure of the Harappan society was highly organized, diversified, and supported by well-planned urban centers, standardized weights and measures, and a wide-ranging trade network. The Harappan economy was based on a combination of agriculture, trade, craft production, and possibly state-regulated distribution mechanisms. The following are the major features of the Harappan economy: 1. Agricultural Base Agriculture formed the backbone of the Harappan economy. The fertile alluvial plains of the Indus and its tributaries provided favorable conditions for farming. Harappans practiced both kharif and rabi cultivation, indicating knowledge of seasonal cycles. Crops such as wheat, barley, peas, sesame, and cotton were grown extensively. Evidence from sites like Mehrgarh and Harappa suggests early domestication of crops and animals. There are indications of irrigation systems like canals and water reservoirs that were used to manage water supply, particularly in areas with less rainfall such as Dholavira. Domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats were also an integral part of agricultural life. The bull, often depicted on seals, was likely used for ploughing and transportation. The presence of granaries at sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa indicates surplus production and centralized storage mechanisms, reflecting an advanced agrarian economy. 2. Urbanization _________ ___ ______ _________ ____ _____ ____ ______.
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