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The agrarian structure under Maratha rule reflected a complex interaction between traditional patterns of land ownership, revenue systems, and administrative innovations that evolved in response to the needs of a militarized state. The Maratha agrarian system developed during the late 17th and 18th centuries and was shaped by both Mughal precedents and indigenous practices. Its distinctive features were rooted in the local conditions of Maharashtra and the broader regions brought under Maratha influence during expansion. This system reveals insights into the functioning of land rights, peasant relations, agrarian surplus extraction, and the state's fiscal policies. One of the salient features of the Maratha agrarian structure was the decentralized pattern of land control and revenue administration. Unlike the Mughal system, where central control was more pronounced, the Maratha polity allowed significant autonomy to local agents like deshmukhs, patils, and village councils (panchayats). The village remained the core unit of agrarian administration, and its internal mechanisms of land measurement, crop assessment, and revenue collection continued with relative stability. Patils served as intermediaries between the cultivators and the state, responsible for tax collection, village security, and dispute resolution. The deshmukhs, drawn mostly from the local landed gentry, coordinated revenue collection across multiple villages and enjoyed hereditary rights over land revenue shares. Land rights under the Marathas were not standardized but showed a gradation. The concept of *mirasi* land tenure, especially prevalent in Maharashtra, denoted hereditary rights to cultivate land and to a share in the village ____ _________ _____ ___ ______ ______ ____ ________ ______.
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