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Women and children in India face multiple interrelated health problems that reflect both biological vulnerability and socio-economic inequalities. One of the most significant problems is malnutrition. A large proportion of women and children suffer from undernutrition, which leads to anemia, low immunity, and poor growth outcomes. National data show that about 67.1% of children and 59.1% of adolescent girls are anemic, indicating widespread micronutrient deficiency. Anemia reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and increases risks during pregnancy and childbirth. It is closely linked to poor dietary intake, early pregnancy, and limited access to nutritious food. ([mohfw.gov.in][1]) Maternal malnutrition also affects child survival and development. When mothers are undernourished or anemic, babies are more likely to be born with low birth weight, prematurity, and poor immunity. Research shows that anemia in mothers increases the risk of anemia and malnutrition in children, demonstrating an intergenerational cycle of poor health. ([sciencedirect.com][2]) Another major child health concern is stunting and chronic malnutrition. Recent reports indicate that about 35% of children under five years in India are stunted, which affects physical growth, brain development, and long-term productivity. Poverty, poor sanitation, and lack of awareness about nutrition contribute significantly to this problem. ([The Times of India][3]) Maternal mortality and pregnancy-related complications remain key health issues. Many women enter pregnancy with poor nutritional status, anemia, or chronic disease, increasing the risk of complications such as hemorrhage, infections, and obstructed labor. Inadequate postnatal care, shortage of skilled health professionals, and delayed emergency referral systems further worsen maternal outcomes. ____ _____ ________ _______ ______ ___ ___ ____ ___ ________ _________ ____.
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