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Gender differentials in health refer to the unequal health status, healthcare access, nutrition, and health outcomes experienced by women in comparison to men due to biological, social, economic, and cultural factors. These disparities affect women's physical, mental, and reproductive well-being and significantly hinder their empowerment by limiting their opportunities for education, employment, decision-making, and participation in society. Addressing these inequalities is therefore a fundamental strategy for women's empowerment. One of the most significant gender differentials is nutritional inequality. In many families, especially in patriarchal societies, women and girls receive less nutritious food than male members. Girls often suffer from malnutrition, anaemia, and stunted growth due to unequal food distribution and inadequate healthcare. Malnourished adolescent girls become vulnerable to complications during pregnancy and childbirth, creating an intergenerational cycle of poor health. Another major differential is in maternal health. Women face risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth, particularly in areas lacking quality maternal healthcare. High maternal mortality, inadequate antenatal care, limited institutional deliveries, and poor postnatal services reduce women's life expectancy and productivity. Frequent pregnancies and lack of birth spacing further deteriorate ___ __________ _____ ________ _______ ____ _________ ____.
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