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Since independence, the rural economy of India has witnessed significant transformation in terms of agriculture, land reforms, rural industries, infrastructure, and social dynamics. The rural economy, being the backbone of the nation, has remained central to policy planning, since a majority of the population has historically resided in villages and depended on agriculture for livelihood. However, the nature, scope, and structure of rural economy have evolved over the years due to state interventions, technological progress, market forces, and globalisation. These changes reflect both achievements and challenges that shape the contemporary rural society of India. One of the most significant changes in the rural economy has been the introduction and implementation of land reforms. After independence, the government attempted to dismantle the zamindari and jagirdari systems, where large landlords exploited peasants and tenants. Measures like the abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, ceiling on land holdings, and distribution of surplus land were introduced with the aim of ensuring equity and social justice. Although the success of land reforms varied across states, they played a critical role in empowering peasants, reducing feudal exploitation, and improving access to land for small and marginal farmers. In states like Kerala and West Bengal, where land reforms were effectively implemented, rural social relations underwent profound transformation. However, in many regions, loopholes in law, lack of ____ ______ ________ ___ ___ ______.
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