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Agricultural marketing in India has historically been regulated through state-level Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Acts, under which farmers were required to sell notified crops in designated mandis. While this system aimed to protect farmers from exploitation and ensure transparent price discovery through auctions, over time it led to restricted competition, multiple layers of intermediaries, high transaction costs, fragmented markets, and inadequate private investment in post-harvest infrastructure. In recent years, recognizing the need to modernize agricultural marketing in line with agribusiness development and market integration, the Government of India has introduced a series of reforms to enhance efficiency, competition, and farmer income. One of the most significant reforms has been the promotion of the electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM). Launched in 2016, e-NAM is a pan-India electronic trading portal that integrates existing APMC mandis into a unified national market. The objective is to facilitate transparent price discovery through online bidding, reduce information asymmetry, and enable inter-state trade. By digitizing market transactions and standardizing quality parameters, e-NAM seeks to break the fragmentation of agricultural markets. For farmers, the platform offers wider market access and the possibility of better prices through competitive bidding beyond local traders. For markets and agribusiness firms, e-NAM reduces transaction costs, improves supply chain coordination, and supports data-driven procurement strategies. However, the impact has been uneven due to infrastructure gaps, limited assaying facilities, and digital literacy constraints among smallholders. Another major reform relates to the Model APMC Act (2003) ____ _________ ________ ____ ______ _____ ___ ___ ________ ________ ____ _________.
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