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Landfill liners and covers are critical components in modern waste disposal systems, designed to protect the environment and public health by controlling leachate, gas emissions, and the infiltration of water. Landfills, if unmanaged, can become sources of contamination for soil, groundwater, and surface water, releasing pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, and pathogens. The implementation of engineered liners and covers serves as a barrier between the waste and the surrounding environment, reducing the risk of pollution and enabling safer long-term disposal of solid wastes. Landfill liners are primarily installed at the base of the landfill to prevent leachate from seeping into the underlying soil and groundwater. There are two main types of liners: natural and synthetic. Natural liners typically consist of compacted clay, chosen for its low permeability and ability to restrict the movement of liquids. Clay liners are effective because the fine particles of clay swell when wet, forming a dense barrier that limits fluid flow. However, they can be prone to cracking and drying, which may compromise their integrity over time. To improve performance, clay liners are often combined with synthetic liners to form composite systems. Synthetic liners, commonly made from ____ __________ ________ _______ _________ _________ ___ _____.
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