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Microbial degradation of refuse in landfills is a natural process in which microorganisms break down organic matter present in waste materials. Landfills are designed not only to store waste but also to facilitate its decomposition over time. When refuse is deposited in a landfill, it contains a mixture of organic and inorganic substances, including food waste, paper, yard trimmings, and other biodegradable materials. The decomposition process is primarily driven by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea, which metabolize these organic components and convert them into simpler compounds. The process of microbial degradation in landfills occurs in several stages, each dominated by different types of microorganisms. Initially, when waste is fresh and oxygen is present, aerobic bacteria play a major role in breaking down easily degradable organic matter. These bacteria require oxygen to survive and produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat as by-products. This aerobic phase is usually short-lived because oxygen is rapidly depleted in deep layers of ______ ________ ________ _______ _________ ______ _______ ________.
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