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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic and sustainable approach to controlling pests, which includes insects, rodents, weeds, and pathogens, by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical methods in a coordinated way. Unlike traditional pest control, which relies heavily on chemical pesticides, IPM emphasizes understanding the pest’s biology, ecology, and the environment to manage pest populations effectively with minimal risk to human health, non-target organisms, and the environment. IPM is widely applied in agriculture, urban sanitation, and public health programs, and it has significant implications in hygiene, sanitation, and waste management, as it ensures cleaner environments, reduces disease vectors, and minimizes chemical pollution. The IPM approach begins with proper pest identification and monitoring. Accurate identification is crucial because different species require different management strategies. For example, in waste management, flies, cockroaches, and rodents are common pests in areas where garbage is accumulated. Misidentification can lead to ineffective control measures and unnecessary chemical usage. Monitoring involves regular inspection, trapping, and population assessment to determine whether pest levels have reached an economic or health threshold that justifies action. This concept of an “action threshold” is central to IPM, as it prevents ________ ____ __________ ______ ________ _____ ________.
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