Discuss the importance of file organisation in databases. Mention the different types of file organisations available. Discuss any one of the mentioned file organisations in detail.
File organisation in databases plays a crucial role in determining how data is stored, accessed, and manipulated efficiently on secondary storage. It directly influences the performance of data retrieval operations, disk space utilization, and ease of maintenance. A well-structured file organisation scheme can significantly reduce access time and I/O operations, especially for large datasets. It also helps in maintaining data ____ __________ _____ _____ ________ ______ ____ ______.
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Write SQL commands for each of the following. Also illustrate the usage of each command through suitable example.
(i) Creation of views
(ii) Creation of sequences
(iii) Outer join
(iv) To give access permission to any use
How are database security and database integrity related? Briefly discuss the different levels of security measures which may be considered to protect the database.
An organization needs to provide Medical facilities to its employees and their dependents. Organization is having a list of Doctors, Hospitals and Test centres for the employees facility. An employee may get Medical facility from the list of Doctors, Hospitals and Test centres provided by the organization to them. Employee does not need to pay anything for the facilities availed. The Doctors, Hospitals and Test centres directly raise their bill to the organization.
Identify the entities, relationships, constraints and cardinality and construct an ER diagram for the above mentioned specifications. List your assumptions and clearly indicate the cardinality mappings as well as any role indicators in your ER diagram.
What is SQL? Explain its important features.
b) Consider the following schemas:
BOOK (Book_ ID, Title, Publisher_ID, Year_of Pub, Price)
AUTHOR (Author_ID, Book_ID, Author Name)
PUBLISHER (Publisher_ID, Book ID, Address, Name_of Pub, No. of Copies)
Compute the closure of the following set F of functional dependencies for relation schema
R = (A, B, C, D, E).
List the candidate keys for R.
List and explain the 4 basic properties of a Transaction with the help of appropriate examples.
What do you mean by fragmentation of a database? What is the need of fragmentation in DDBMS environment? Explain different types of fragmentation with an example of each.