What is SQL? Explain its important features.
b) Consider the following schemas:
BOOK (Book_ ID, Title, Publisher_ID, Year_of Pub, Price)
AUTHOR (Author_ID, Book_ID, Author Name)
PUBLISHER (Publisher_ID, Book ID, Address, Name_of Pub, No. of Copies)
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language specifically designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to create, modify, retrieve, and manipulate data stored in a database. SQL is used for both data definition (DDL), data manipulation (DML), data control (DCL), and transaction control (TCL). Important features of SQL include: 1. Data Definition Language (DDL): SQL allows the creation and modification of database schema through statements like `CREATE`, `ALTER`, and `DROP`. 2. Data Manipulation Language (DML): SQL provides commands such as `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, `DELETE`, and `SELECT` to manipulate and retrieve data. ________ _________ __________ ___ _______ ________ _________ __________ _____ _________ __________.
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Explain the Log-based recovery scheme with the help of an example.
For what reasons is 2-phase locking protocol required? Explain. Discuss the disadvantages of basic 2-phase locking protocol. List the ways and means that can be used to overcome the disadvantages.
Consider the relation R (A, B, C, D, E) and the set of functional dependencies :-
F(A→D, {A,B} → C, D → E)
Assume that the decomposition of R into {R1 (A, B, C) and R2 (A, D, E)}. Is this decomposition lossless? Justify?
Explain the need of Distributed DBMS over Centralized DBMS. Also give the structure of Distributed DBMS.
Compute the closure of the following set F of functional dependencies for relation schema
R = (A, B, C, D, E).
List the candidate keys for R.
Discuss the importance of file organisation in databases. Mention the different types of file organisations available. Discuss any one of the mentioned file organisations in detail.
What are integrity constraints? Discuss the various types of integrity constraints that can be imposed on database.