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In structural geology, folds are bends or curvatures in originally planar rock layers resulting from ductile deformation under compressional or shear stresses. The study of folds is essential as it helps understand the stress regimes, tectonic history, and subsurface structures important for exploration of minerals, hydrocarbons, and groundwater. Geometrical classification of folds primarily focuses on the shape, symmetry, orientation, and angular relationships of the folded strata. This classification enables geologists to describe and interpret the structural features of rock sequences accurately. Folds are broadly classified based on several geometrical criteria: axial plane orientation, symmetry, hinge characteristics, and the relationship between limbs. One of the primary classifications is based on the orientation of the axial plane, which is an imaginary surface connecting all the hinge lines of successive layers in a fold. Based on axial plane orientation, folds are categorized as symmetrical, asymmetrical, overturned, and recumbent folds. Symmetrical folds have axial planes that are vertical or nearly vertical, and both limbs dip at approximately equal angles in opposite directions. These folds exhibit mirror-image geometry on either side of the axial plane, and they ______ __________ ____ _________ ___ _______.
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