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Fluvial processes are dynamic agents of landscape transformation, responsible for the erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediments through the action of rivers and streams. The depositional landforms resulting from fluvial activities are formed as rivers lose energy and deposit the transported sediments. These landforms vary in size, shape, and sediment characteristics, depending on the flow regime, sediment load, gradient, and climate of the region. One of the most common fluvial depositional landforms is the floodplain. Floodplains are broad, flat areas adjacent to rivers, formed by repeated deposition of alluvium during floods. When a river overflows its banks during high discharge, fine sediments such as silt and clay settle over the surrounding land. Over time, this creates a fertile and relatively level plain. Floodplains often contain meanders, oxbow lakes, levees, and backswamps. Natural levees are ridges of coarser sediments deposited along the river banks during floods. They form as heavier sand and silt settle close to the channel, while finer materials travel farther, creating a gentle slope away from the river. Behind the levees, poorly drained depressions called backslope swamps may develop, receiving fine sediments and organic matter from floodwaters. Oxbow lakes are another distinct fluvial depositional feature formed in meandering river systems. Meanders, which are sinuous bends in a river, experience both erosion on the outer bank (cut bank) and deposition on the inner bank (point bar). Over time, continued deposition narrows the neck of the meander. During a flood event, the river may cut a new, shorter ________ ________ _______ ___ ____ ___ _______ ________ ________ _____ ________ ____.
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