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Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an important analytical platform used in metabolomics to identify and quantify small-molecule metabolites present in biological samples. Metabolomics involves the comprehensive study of metabolites in cells, tissues, biofluids, or organisms and provides information about physiological and pathological states. GC-MS combines the separation capability of gas chromatography with the identification and structural characterization capability of mass spectrometry. In GC-MS-based metabolomics, the biological sample is first collected and metabolites are extracted using suitable solvents. Since GC requires compounds to be volatile and thermally stable, many polar ____ ______ _______ ____ _____ _________ ________ __________ ______ _____ _______ ________.
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