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The measurement of pH is one of the most common analytical determinations in chemistry, biology, environmental science, and industry, but its accuracy is affected by several limiting factors. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity, not merely its concentration, and this distinction highlights the complexity involved in its precise determination. The most widely used method is through the glass electrode in combination with a reference electrode, but even this method, though convenient, is subject to various limitations arising from instrumental, chemical, and environmental factors. One of the most significant factors ________ ______ ______ ______ _________ ______ ______ ____.
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