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The accuracy of pH measurements is influenced by several interrelated factors arising from the electrode system, solution properties, and environmental conditions. In electro-analytical methods, the most commonly used device is the glass electrode, whose performance is affected by the quality of the glass membrane, its response time, and the condition of the reference electrode. The glass membrane exhibits a finite selectivity toward hydrogen ions, and its response can be altered by the presence of interfering ions such as sodium, especially _________ ____ ____ _________ ______ ____ _______.
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