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Urban settlements have undergone significant transformation from ancient to modern times, shaped by socio-economic, political, and environmental factors. In ancient times, urban settlements first emerged in regions like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and China, where favorable geographical conditions such as fertile land, availability of water, and conducive climate supported agricultural surplus. These surpluses allowed for occupational diversification, leading to the emergence of non-agricultural roles such as craftsmen, traders, and administrators, forming the nucleus of early urban life. The growth of early cities was also facilitated by the development of trade routes, both overland and ____ _____ __________ _________ ______.
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