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The idea of decentralisation has been deeply embedded in India’s political philosophy and administrative framework since ancient times. Local self-governance, village assemblies, and community-based decision-making were integral to Indian society. However, the modern conception of democratic decentralisation, where elected representatives at the grassroots exercise authority and responsibility, has evolved over time through both colonial experiences and post-independence reforms. The journey of democratic decentralisation in India reflects the country’s attempts to strengthen democracy by involving people directly in governance, making it more participatory, accountable, and responsive to local needs. During the colonial era, decentralisation was introduced largely as an administrative necessity rather than as a genuine democratic experiment. Lord Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 is often regarded as the starting point of local self-government in modern India. Ripon emphasized the importance of local bodies with elected representatives to manage local affairs, laying the foundation for the future development of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). However, under British rule, local bodies lacked adequate powers, financial autonomy, and mass participation. They were essentially instruments of limited administrative convenience and revenue collection, rather than genuine organs of self-governance. After independence in 1947, the Indian leadership envisioned a democratic polity that was not confined to national or state-level institutions but extended down to villages and towns. Mahatma Gandhi had strongly advocated for Gram Swaraj, where villages would be self-sufficient units of governance. The Constituent Assembly, while drafting the Constitution, debated __________ _________ __________ _________ _____ _____ _________ _______.
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