Discuss the crystallographic axes, symmetry elements and forms of normal class of orthorhombic crystal system with the help of neat well labeled diagrams.

The orthorhombic crystal system is one of the seven crystal systems in crystallography and is characterized by three mutually perpendicular crystallographic axes of unequal lengths. These axes are conventionally labeled as a, b, and c, with the condition that a≠b≠ca \neq b \neq c and all three axes intersect at 90° angles. This system is significant in mineralogy and economic geology as many economically important minerals crystallize in the orthorhombic system, such as olivine, aragonite, and sulfur.

Crystallographic Axes

In the orthorhombic system, the three crystallographic axes are all mutually perpendicular:

• a-axis: The first axis, representing one edge of the unit cell.

• b-axis: The second axis, perpendicular to the a-axis.

• c-axis: The third axis, perpendicular to both a and b.

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