Discuss the contribution of Ambedkar in introducing land reform.

Ambedkar as an Economist: Dr. Ambedkar wrote three scholarly books on economics : i) Administration and Finance of the East India Company, ii) The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India, and iii) The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution. The first two books represent his contribution to the field of public finance: the first one evaluating finances of the East India Company during the period, 1792 through 1858 and the second one analyzing the evolution of the Centre- State financial relations in British India during the period, 1833 through 1921. The third book i.e. ‘The problem of the Rupees: Its Origin and its Solution is considered as magnum opus in economics. On his return to India, Dr. Ambedkar did not write any book on economics per se, though several of his other contributions during that period carry a distinctive imprint of the economist in him. As a member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly (since 1926), Ambedkar gave effective expression to the grievances of the rural poor through his mass movements. His successful struggle against the prevailing land tenure system called Khoti liberated a vast majority of the rural poor from an extreme form of economic exploitation. His successful agitation against Mahar Watan emancipated a large section of the rural poor from virtual serfdom. He presented a bill in the State Assembly aimed at preventing the malpractices of money-lenders hurting the poor. A distinctive feature of Dr. Ambedkar’s scholarly contribution is his perceptive analysis of economic dimension of social ground, such as, the caste system and untouchability. While Mahatma Gandhi had defended the caste system on the basis of division of labour, Ambedkar came out with a hard-hitting critique in his book ‘Annihilation of Castes’ (1936), pointing out that what was implicit in the caste system was not merely division of labour but also a division of labourers. Dr. Ambedkar’s attack on the caste system was not merely aimed at challenging the hegemony of the upper castes but had broader connotation of economic growth and development. In his memorandum submitted to the British Government titled “States and Minorities” in 1947, Dr. Ambedkar laid down a strategy for India’s economic development. The strategy placed “an obligation on the State to plan the economic life of the people on lines which would lead to highest point of productivity without closing every avenue to private enterprise and also provide for the equitable distribution of wealth”. In his views on crucial issues pertaining to economic development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar comes across as a radical economist who would have staunchly opposed the neoliberal reforms being carried out in India since the 1990s. Dr. Ambedkar was a strongly proponent of land reforms and of a prominent role for the state in economic development.Dr. Ambedkar stresses the need for thoroughgoing land reforms, noting that smallness or largeness of an agricultural holding is not determined by its physical extent alone but by the intensity of cultivation as reflected in the amounts of productive investment made on the land and the amounts of all other inputs used, including labour. He also stresses the need for industrialization so as to move surplus labour from agriculture to other productive occupations, accompanied by large capital investments in agriculture to raise yields. He sees an extremely important role for the state in such transformation of agriculture and advocates the nationalization of land and the leasing out of land to groups of cultivators, who are to be encouraged to form cooperatives in order to promote agriculture. Intervening in a discussion in the Bombay Legislative Council on October 10, 1927, Dr. Ambedkar argued that the solution to the agrarian question “lies not in increasing the size of farms, but in having intensive cultivation that is employing more capital and more labour on the farms such as we have” . Further on, he says: “The better method is to introduce cooperative agriculture and to compel owners of small strips to joint in cultivation.”The government and its economists, instead of recognizing that the crisis is the product in large part of the policies of liberalization, privatization and globalization, propose a set of so-called secondgeneration reforms. At the centre of these reforms is the complete elimination of employment security. The war cry of the liberalizers is: “Away with all controls and the state, and let the market rule” .In this context, one cannot but recall Dr. Ambedkar’s words that liberty from state control is another name for the dictatorship of the private employer.

Approaches towards land reform: In a paper titled ‘Small holdings in India and their Remedies published in Journal of Indian Economic Society, Ambedkar opined that consolidation may prevent the evils of scatter holdings but nor the evils of small holdings under the consolidated holdings was an economic holding. The traditional definition of an economic holding is “a holding which allows a man a chance of producing sufficient to keep herself and his family in reasonable comfort after paying his necessary expenses” – was criticized by him. He pointed out that this definition of economic holding was from standpoint of consumption rather than from the viewpoint of production. Because consumption is worth correct standard by which economic character of holding can belong. It would be perverse accounting to condemn a farm as not paying because its total output does not support the family of ______ ________ ________ _____ ________ ___ _____.
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