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Mortality refers to the death of individuals in a population and is a fundamental factor regulating population size and structure. It varies with age, sex, environmental conditions, and biological traits of species. High mortality at early life stages is common in organisms such as fishes and plants, where many offspring are produced but only a few survive to adulthood. Ecologically, mortality influences population turnover, natural selection, and energy flow, as dead organisms contribute to nutrient cycling through decomposition. Life tables are systematic summaries of mortality and survival patterns of a population. They present age-specific survival rates, death rates, and life expectancy, helping ecologists understand population dynamics over time. Cohort life tables follow a group of individuals born at the same time, such as tracking survival of a plant generation, while static life tables are constructed _____ ______ ________ ____ _____.
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