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Industrial and sewage wastewater pose serious threats to the environment and human health due to the presence of a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological pollutants. Industrial wastewater originates from manufacturing units such as chemical plants, textile mills, tanneries, paper and pulp industries, oil refineries, and food-processing units. It often contains toxic chemicals, heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, acids, alkalis, dyes, solvents, oils, phenols, and radioactive substances. Sewage wastewater, mainly generated from domestic sources, hospitals, and municipal areas, contains organic matter, nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates, detergents, pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and suspended solids. These wastes are hazardous because many of their components are toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative. Heavy metals do not degrade easily and can _____ ____ ____ ____ __________ __________ ____ ______ ____ ____.
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