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The under-enumeration of women's work in India remains a significant and persistent issue, with far-reaching consequences on policy formulation, economic planning, and gender equity. Despite the extensive participation of women in various sectors, especially in informal and unpaid work, their contributions often remain unrecognized or misrepresented in official statistics. This phenomenon is deeply rooted in socio-cultural norms, methodological flaws, and systemic biases within the Indian data collection system. In India, the labour force participation rate (LFPR) of women has consistently been reported as low, especially when compared to men. However, this low representation is not entirely reflective of the actual economic contribution of women. A large proportion of women's work, particularly in rural areas, occurs in the informal economy, within households, or in unpaid family labour. These activities are often invisible in conventional labour market surveys. Women frequently engage in multiple roles simultaneously—such as agricultural labourers, caregivers, household workers, and small-scale entrepreneurs—but these are often categorized as non-economic or secondary activities in surveys. One of the key reasons behind under-enumeration is the narrow definition of "work" used in data collection instruments such as the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). These surveys tend to prioritize wage employment or income-generating activities while undervaluing or excluding subsistence work, unpaid family labour, and care work—fields where women are predominantly active. For example, a woman who works on her family farm without direct monetary compensation may not be recorded as a worker, even though her labour contributes to agricultural output. Cultural perceptions also play a significant role in under-reporting. In many Indian households, particularly in conservative and rural communities, the concept of women's work is often ______ ________ ____ ___ _______.
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