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Risk and vulnerability assessment of geological hazards is a systematic process aimed at understanding the potential impacts of events such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and ground subsidence on human life, infrastructure, and the environment. In disaster studies, geoinformatics plays a crucial role by integrating spatial data, remote sensing, and GIS-based analysis to support scientific and evidence-based decision-making. The process begins with hazard identification, where the type, location, magnitude, and spatial extent of geological hazards are recognized using historical records, geological maps, seismotectonic data, satellite imagery, and field investigations. Remote sensing data from optical, radar, and LiDAR sources help in detecting fault lines, slope instability zones, volcanic deformation, and coastal geomorphological changes that indicate hazard-prone areas. Following identification, hazard characterization is carried out to analyze the ____ __________ _____ _____ ____ ____ _______.
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