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Self-employment and entrepreneurship development programmes in India have emerged as a cornerstone of rural development strategies since independence. The problem of poverty, unemployment, and underemployment in rural areas has always been a pressing concern, and successive governments realized that wage employment schemes alone could not bring long-term sustainability. Therefore, policies gradually shifted towards promoting self-employment and entrepreneurship, enabling rural households to generate income independently and develop local economies. These programmes aimed at building capacities, creating access to credit, training, and institutional support for small-scale ventures, agriculture-linked businesses, and rural industries. Over the decades, several schemes have been introduced and restructured to address changing socio-economic realities and the aspirations of rural communities. One of the earliest initiatives was the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), launched in 1978-79, which marked a significant step in promoting self-employment. The objective was to provide assets and skills to below-poverty-line families through a mix of subsidy and institutional credit. It covered multiple activities ranging from agriculture, animal husbandry, sericulture, handicrafts, and small business enterprises. While IRDP created a base for asset distribution and rural self-employment, it faced criticism due to leakages, lack of skill training, and weak backward and forward linkages. Nevertheless, it laid the foundation for _______ _______ ________ ___ ______ __________ _________ ___.
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