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Karl Marx and Max Weber are among the most influential sociological theorists who have shaped the understanding of society, social institutions, and social problems. While both addressed issues of inequality, social structure, and change, their approaches differ significantly in focus, methodology, and conceptual frameworks. Marx primarily emphasized the economic base and class conflict as the driving forces of social change, whereas Weber took a multidimensional approach that included economics but also considered status, power, and cultural factors. Marx’s theory is rooted in historical materialism, which argues that the economic base of society (the mode of production) determines the superstructure (law, politics, religion, culture). For him, society’s structure is fundamentally shaped by its economic system, and social problems arise from the exploitative relationship between the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat). According to Marx, capitalism creates inherent class conflict because the bourgeoisie owns the means of production and profits from the labor of the proletariat, who are alienated from their work, the products they create, and their own human potential. Marx predicted that this class conflict would eventually lead to a proletarian revolution, overthrowing capitalism and establishing a classless, communist society. An example of this can be seen in industrial capitalism during the 19th century, where factory owners amassed wealth while workers endured poor wages, unsafe working conditions, and long hours, leading to labor _____ ______ _______ ___ ______ __________.
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